firewall/firewall.py

#!/usr/bin/python3

# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

# Copyright © 2017 David Sinquin <david.re2o@sinquin.eu>


"""
Module for nftables set management.
"""

# Dependencies: python3-netaddr, python3-requests, nftables, sudo (optionnal)
#
# For sudo configuration, create a file in /etc/sudoers.d/ with:
#    "<python_user> ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/nftables"

# netaddr :
# - https://pypi.python.org/pypi/netaddr/
# - https://github.com/drkjam/netaddr/
# - https://netaddr.readthedocs.io/en/latest/


import logging
import subprocess
import re

import netaddr # MAC, IPv4, IPv6
import requests

from collections import Iterable

from configparser import ConfigParser


class ExecError(Exception):
    """Simple class to indicate an error in a process execution."""
    pass

class CommandExec:
    """Simple class to start a command, logging and returning errors if any."""
    @staticmethod
    def run_check_output(command, allowed_return_codes=(0,), timeout=15):
        """
        Run a command, logging output in case of an error.

        Actual timeout may be twice the given value in seconds."""
        logging.debug("Command to be run: '%s'", "' '".join(command))
        process = subprocess.Popen(
            command,
            shell=False,
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
            universal_newlines=True)
        try:
            result = process.communicate(timeout=timeout)
            return_code = process.wait(timeout=timeout)
        except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as err:
            process.kill()
            raise ExecError from err
        if return_code not in allowed_return_codes:
            error_message = ('Error running command: "{}", return code: {}.\n'
                             'Stderr:\n{}\nStdout:\n{}'.format(
                                 '" "'.join(command), return_code, *result))
            logging.error(error_message)
            raise ExecError(error_message)
        return (return_code, *result)

    @classmethod
    def run(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        """Run a command without checking outputs."""
        returncode, _, _ = cls.run_check_output(*args, **kwargs)
        return returncode

class Parser:
    """Parsers for commonly used formats."""
    @staticmethod
    def MAC(mac):
        """Check a MAC validity."""
        return netaddr.EUI(mac, dialect=netaddr.mac_unix_expanded)
    @staticmethod
    def IPv4(ip):
        """Check an IPv4 validity.

        Args:
            ip: can either be a tuple (in this case returns an IPRange), a
            single IP address or a IP Network.
        """
        if type(ip) in (netaddr.IPAddress, netaddr.IPNetwork, netaddr.IPRange, netaddr.IPGlob):
            return ip
        try:
            return netaddr.IPAddress(ip, version=4)
        except netaddr.core.AddrFormatError:
            try:
                return netaddr.IPNetwork(ip, version=4)
            except netaddr.core.AddrFormatError:
                begin, end = ip.split('-')
                return netaddr.IPRange(begin, end)
    @staticmethod
    def IPv6(ip):
        """Check a IPv6 validity.

        Args:
            ip: can either be a tuple (in this case returns an IPRange), a
            single IP address or a IP Network.
        """
        if isinstance(ip, tuple):
            begin, end = ip
            return netaddr.IPRange(begin, end, version=6)
        try:
            return netaddr.IPAddress(ip, version=6)
        except ValueError:
            return netaddr.IPNetwork(ip, version=6)

    @staticmethod
    def protocol(protocol):
        """Check a protocol validity."""
        if protocol in ('tcp', 'udp', 'icmp'):
            return protocol
        raise ValueError('Invalid protocol: "{}".'.format(protocol))
    @staticmethod
    def port_number(port):
        """Check a port validity."""
        try:
            port_number = int(port)
            if 0 <= port_number < 65536:
                return port_number
        except ValueError:
            begin, end = port.split('-')
            begin, end = int(begin), int(end)
            if 0 <= begin < end <= 65536:
                return port
        raise ValueError('Invalid port number: "{}".'.format(port))

class NetfilterSet:
    """Manage a netfilter set using nftables."""

    TYPES = {'IPv4': 'ipv4_addr', 'IPv6': 'ipv6_addr', 'MAC': 'ether_addr',
             'protocol': 'inet_proto', 'port': 'inet_service'}

    FILTERS = {'IPv4': Parser.IPv4, 'IPv6': Parser.IPv6, 'MAC': Parser.MAC,
               'protocol': Parser.protocol, 'port': Parser.port_number}

    ADDRESS_FAMILIES = {'ip', 'ip6', 'inet', 'arp', 'bridge', 'netdev'}

    FLAGS = {'constant', 'interval', 'timeout'}

    NFT_TYPE = {'set', 'map'}

    # A.K.A. Really, I don't hate you, so please don't hate me...
    pattern = re.compile(
            r"table (?P<address_family>\w+)+ (?P<table>\w+) \{\n"
            r"\s*set (?P<name>\w+) \{\n"
            r"\s*type (?P<type>(\w+( \. )?)+)\n"
            r"(\s*flags (?P<flags>(\w+(, )?)+)\n)?"
            r"(\s*elements = \{ "
            r"(?P<elements>((\n?\s*)?([\w:\.-/]+( \. )?)+,?)*) "
            r"\n?\s*\}\n)?"
            r"\s*\}\n"
            r"\s*\}"
        )

    def __init__(self,
                 name,
                 type_, # e.g.: ('MAC', 'IPv4')
                 target_content=None,
                 use_sudo=True,
                 address_family='inet', # Manage both IPv4 and IPv6.
                 table_name='filter',
                 flags = [],
                ):
        self.name = name
        self.content = set()
        # self.type
        self.set_type(type_)
        self.filters = tuple(self.FILTERS[i] for i in self.type)
        self.set_flags(flags)
        # self.address_family
        self.set_address_family(address_family)
        self.table = table_name
        sudo = ["/usr/bin/sudo"] * int(bool(use_sudo))
        self.nft = [*sudo, "/usr/sbin/nft"]
        if target_content:
            self._target_content = self.validate_data(target_content)
        else:
            self._target_content = set()

    @property
    def target_content(self):
        return self._target_content.copy() # Forbid in-place modification

    @target_content.setter
    def target_content(self, target_content):
        self._target_content = self.validate_data(target_content)

    def filter(self, elements):
        return (self.filters[i](element) for i, element in enumerate(elements))

    def set_type(self, type_):
        """Check set type validity and store it along with a type checker."""
        for element_type in type_:
            if element_type not in self.TYPES:
                raise ValueError('Invalid type: "{}".'.format(element_type))
        self.type = type_

    def set_address_family(self, address_family='ip'):
        """Set set addres_family, defaulting to "ip" like nftables."""
        if address_family not in self.ADDRESS_FAMILIES:
            raise ValueError(
                'Invalid address_family: "{}".'.format(address_family))
        self.address_family = address_family

    def set_flags(self, flags_):
        """Check set flags validity before saving them."""
        for f in flags_:
            if f not in self.FLAGS:
                raise ValueError('Invalid flag: "{}".'.format(f))
        self.flags = set(flags_) or None

    def create_in_kernel(self):
        """Create the set, removing existing set if needed."""
        # Delete set if it exists with wrong type
        current_set = self._get_raw_netfilter(parse_elements=False)
        if current_set is None:
            self._create_new_set_in_kernel()
        elif not self.has_type(current_set['type']):
            self._delete_in_kernel()
            self._create_new_set_in_kernel()

    def _delete_in_kernel(self, nft_type='set'):
        """Delete the set, table and set must exist."""
        CommandExec.run([
            *self.nft,
            'delete {nft_type} {addr_family} {table} {set_}'.format(
                addr_family=self.address_family, table=self.table,
                nft_type=nft_type,
                set_=self.name)
            ])

    def _create_new_set_in_kernel(self, nft_type='set'):
        """Create the non-existing set, creating table if needed."""
        if self.flags:
            nft_command = 'add {nft_type} {addr_family} {table} {set_} {{ type {type_} ; flags {flags};}}'.format(
                nft_type=nft_type,
                addr_family=self.address_family,
                table=self.table,
                set_=self.name,
                type_=self.format_type(),
                flags=', '.join(self.flags)
            )
        else:
            nft_command = 'add {nft_type} {addr_family} {table} {set_} {{ type {type_} ;}}'.format(
                nft_type=nft_type,
                addr_family=self.address_family,
                table=self.table,
                set_=self.name,
                type_=self.format_type(),
            )
        create_set = [
            *self.nft,
            nft_command
        ]
        return_code = CommandExec.run(create_set, allowed_return_codes=(0, 1))
        if return_code == 0:
            return # Set creation successful.
        # return_code was 1, one error was detected in the rules.
        # Attempt to create the table first.
        create_table = [*self.nft, 'add table {addr_family} {table}'.format(
            addr_family=self.address_family, table=self.table)]
        CommandExec.run(create_table)
        CommandExec.run(create_set)

    def validate_data(self, set_data):
        """
        Validate data, returning it or raising a ValueError.

        For MAC-IPv4 set, data must be an iterable of (MAC, IPv4) iterables.
        """
        set_ = set()
        errors = []
        for n_uplet in set_data:
            try:
                set_.add(tuple(self.filter(n_uplet)))
            except Exception as err:
                errors.append(err)
        if errors:
            raise ValueError(
                'Error parsing data, encountered the folowing {} errors.\n"{}"'
                .format(len(errors), '",\n"'.join(map(str, errors))))
        return set_

    def _apply_target_content(self):
        """Change netfilter content to target set."""
        current_set = self.get_netfilter_content()
        if current_set is None:
            raise ValueError('Cannot change "{}" netfilter set content: set '
                             'do not exist in "{}" "{}".'.format(
                                 self.name, self.address_family, self.table))
        to_delete = current_set - self._target_content
        to_add = self._target_content - current_set
        self._change_content(delete=to_delete, add=to_add)

    def _change_content(self, delete=None, add=None):
        todo = [tuple_ for tuple_ in (('add', add), ('delete', delete))
                if tuple_[1]]
        for action, elements in todo:
            content = ', '.join(' . '.join(str(element) for element in tuple_)
                                for tuple_ in elements)
            command = [
                *self.nft,
                '{action} element {addr_family} {table} {set_} {{{content}}}' \
                    .format(action=action, addr_family=self.address_family,
                            table=self.table, set_=self.name, content=content)
            ]
            CommandExec.run(command)

    def _get_raw_netfilter(self, parse_elements=True):
        """Return a dict describing the netfilter set matching self or None."""
        _, stdout, _ = CommandExec.run_check_output(
            [*self.nft, '-nn', 'list set {addr_family} {table} {set_}'.format(
                addr_family=self.address_family, table=self.table,
                set_=self.name)],
            allowed_return_codes=(0, 1) # In case table do not exist
        )
        if not stdout:
            return None
        else:
            netfilter_set = self._parse_netfilter_string(stdout)
            if netfilter_set['name'] != self.name \
                    or netfilter_set['address_family'] != self.address_family \
                    or netfilter_set['table'] != self.table \
                    or not self.has_type(netfilter_set['type']) \
                    or netfilter_set.get('flags', set()) != self.flags:
                raise ValueError(
                    'Did not get the right set, too wrong to fix. Got '
                    + str(netfilter_set)
                    + ("\nExpected : "
                       "\n\tname: \t{name} \t[{name_check}]"
                       "\n\taddress_family: \t{family} \t[{family_check}]"
                       "\n\ttable: \t{table} \t[{table_check}]"
                       "\n\tflags: \t{flags} \t[{flags_check}]"
                       "\n\ttypes: \t{types} \t[{types_check}]"
                      ).format(
                          name=self.name,
                          family=self.address_family,
                          table=self.table,
                          flags=self.flags,
                          types=tuple(self.TYPES[t] for t in self.type),
                          name_check= 'v' if self.name == netfilter_set['name'] else 'x',
                          family_check= 'v' if self.address_family == netfilter_set['address_family'] else 'x',
                          table_check= 'v' if self.table == netfilter_set['table'] else 'x',
                          flags_check= 'v' if self.flags == netfilter_set.get('flags', set()) else 'x',
                          types_check= 'v' if self.has_type(netfilter_set['type']) else 'x',
                      )
                )
            if parse_elements:
                if netfilter_set['raw_content']:
                    netfilter_set['content'] = self.validate_data((
                        (element.strip() for element in n_uplet.split(' . '))
                        for n_uplet in netfilter_set['raw_content'].split(',')))
                else:
                    netfilter_set['content'] = set()
            return netfilter_set

    @classmethod
    def _parse_netfilter_string(cls, set_string):
        """
        Parse netfilter set definition and return set as dict.

        Do not validate content type against detected set type.
        Return a dict with 'name', 'address_family', 'table', 'type', 'flags',
        'raw_content' keys (all strings, 'raw_content' can be None).
        Raise ValueError in case of unexpected syntax.
        """
        try:
            values = cls.pattern.match(set_string).groupdict()
        except Exception as e:
            raise ValueError("Malformed expression :\n" + set_string)
        return {
            'address_family': values['address_family'],
            'table': values['table'],
            'name': values['name'],
            'type': values['type'].split(' . '),
            'raw_content': values['elements'],
            'flags': set(values['flags'].split(', ')) if values['flags'] else None,
        }

    def get_netfilter_content(self):
        """Return current set content from netfilter."""
        netfilter_set = self._get_raw_netfilter(parse_elements=True)
        if netfilter_set is None:
            return None
        else:
            return netfilter_set['content']

    def has_type(self, type_):
        """Check if some type match the set's one."""
        return tuple(self.TYPES[t] for t in self.type) == tuple(type_)

    def manage(self):
        """Create set if needed and populate it with target content."""
        self.create_in_kernel()
        self._apply_target_content()

    def format_type(self):
        return ' . '.join(self.TYPES[i] for i in self.type)


class NetfilterMap(NetfilterSet):
    # A.K.A. Again, I don't hate you, so please don't hate me...
    pattern = re.compile(
            r"table (?P<address_family>\w+)+ (?P<table>\w+) \{\n"
            r"\s*map (?P<name>\w+) \{\n"
            r"\s*type (?P<type_from>(\w+( \. )?)+) : (?P<type>\w+)\n"
            r"(\s*flags (?P<flags>(\w+(, )?)+)\n)?"
            r"(\s*elements = \{ "
            r"(?P<elements>(\n?\s*([\w:\.-/]+( \. )?)+ : [\w:\.-/]+,?)*)"
            r"\n?\s*\}\n)?"
            r"\s*\}"
            r"\n\s*\}"
        )
    def __init__(self,
                 name,
                 type_,
                 type_from,
                 target_content=None,
                 use_sudo=True,
                 address_family='inet',
                 table_name='filter',
                 flags=[]
                ):
        super().__init__(name, type_, use_sudo=use_sudo,
                         address_family=address_family, table_name=table_name,
                         flags=flags)
        self.set_type_from(type_from)
        self.key_filters = tuple(self.FILTERS[i] for i in self.type_from)
        if target_content:
            self._target_content = self.validate_data(target_content)
        else:
            self._target_content = {}

    def filter_key(self, elements):
        return (self.key_filters[i](element) for i, element in enumerate(elements))

    def set_type_from(self, type_):
        """Check set type validity and store it along with a type checker."""
        for element_type in type_:
            if element_type not in self.TYPES:
                raise ValueError('Invalid type: "{}".'.format(element_type))
        self.type_from = type_

    def _delete_in_kernel(self):
        """Delete the map, table and map must exist."""
        super()._delete_in_kernel(nft_type='map')

    def _create_new_set_in_kernel(self):
        """Create the non-existing set, creating table if needed."""
        super()._create_new_set_in_kernel(nft_type='map')

    def validate_data(self, dict_data):
        """
        Validate data, returning it or raising a ValueError.

        For MAC-IPv4 set, data must be an iterable of (MAC, IPv4) iterables.
        """
        set_ = {}
        errors = []
        for key in dict_data:
            try:
                set_[tuple(self.filter_key(key))] = tuple(self.filter(dict_data[key]))
            except Exception as err:
                errors.append(err)
        if errors:
            raise ValueError(
                'Error parsing data, encountered the folowing {} errors.\n"{}"'
                .format(len(errors), '",\n"'.join(map(str, errors))))
        return set_

    def _apply_target_content(self):
        """Change netfilter map content to target map."""
        current_map = self.get_netfilter_content()
        if current_map is None:
            raise ValueError('Cannot change "{}" netfilter map content: map '
                             'do not exist in "{}" "{}".'.format(
                                 self.name, self.address_family, self.table))
        keys_to_delete = current_map.keys() - self._target_content.keys()
        keys_to_add = self._target_content.keys() - current_map.keys()
        keys_to_check =  current_map.keys() & self._target_content.keys()
        for k in keys_to_check:
            if current_map[k] != self._target_content[k]:
                keys_to_add.add(k)
                keys_to_delete.add(k)
        to_add = {k : self._target_content[k] for k in keys_to_add}
        self._change_content(delete=keys_to_delete, add=to_add)

    def _change_content(self, delete=None, add=None):
        if delete:
            content = ', '.join(' . '.join(str(element) for element in tuple_)
                                for tuple_ in delete)
            command = [
                *self.nft,
                'delete element {addr_family} {table} {set_} {{{content}}}' \
                    .format(addr_family=self.address_family,
                            table=self.table, set_=self.name, content=content)
            ]
            CommandExec.run(command)
        if add:
            content = ', '.join(
                    ' . '.join(str(element) for element in tuple_)
                    + ' : '
                    + ' . '.join(str(element) for element in add[tuple_])
                    for tuple_ in add
            )
            command = [
                *self.nft,
                'add element {addr_family} {table} {set_} {{{content}}}' \
                    .format(addr_family=self.address_family,
                            table=self.table, set_=self.name, content=content)
            ]
            CommandExec.run(command)

    def _get_raw_netfilter(self, parse_elements=True):
        """Return a dict describing the netfilter map matching self or None."""
        _, stdout, _ = CommandExec.run_check_output(
            [*self.nft, '-nn', 'list map {addr_family} {table} {set_}'.format(
                addr_family=self.address_family, table=self.table,
                set_=self.name)],
            allowed_return_codes=(0, 1) # In case table do not exist
        )
        if not stdout:
            return None
        else:
            netfilter_set = self._parse_netfilter_string(stdout)
            if netfilter_set['name'] != self.name \
                    or netfilter_set['address_family'] != self.address_family \
                    or netfilter_set['table'] != self.table \
                    or not self.has_type((netfilter_set['type_from'], netfilter_set['type'])):
                raise ValueError('Did not get the right map, too wrong to fix.')
            if parse_elements:
                if netfilter_set['raw_content']:
                    netfilter_set['content'] = self.validate_data({
                        (element.strip() for element in n_uplet.split(' : ')[0].split(' . ')):
                        n_uplet.split(' : ')[1].strip()
                        for n_uplet in netfilter_set['raw_content'].split(',')
                    })
                else:
                    netfilter_set['content'] = {}
            return netfilter_set

    @classmethod
    def _parse_netfilter_string(cls, set_string):
        """
        Parse netfilter map definition and return map as dict.

        Do not validate content type against detected map type.
        Return a dict with 'name', 'address_family', 'table', 'type', 'flags'
        'raw_content' and 'type_from' keys (all strings, 'raw_content' and
        'flags' can be None). Raise ValueError in case of unexpected syntax.
        """
        try:
            values = cls.pattern.match(set_string).groupdict()
        except Exception as e:
            raise ValueError("Malformed expression :\n" + set_string)
        return {
            'address_family': values['address_family'],
            'table': values['table'],
            'name': values['name'],
            'type': values['type'],
            'type_from': values['type_from'].split(' . '),
            'raw_content': values['elements'],
            'flags': values['flags'],
        }

    def has_type(self, type_):
        """Check if some type match the set's one."""
        return tuple(self.TYPES[t] for t in self.type) == (type_[1],) and \
            tuple(self.TYPES[t] for t in self.type_from) == tuple(type_[0])

    def format_type(self):
        return ' . '.join(self.TYPES[i] for i in self.type_from) + ' : ' + ' . '.join(self.TYPES[i] for i in self.type)

    def filter(self, elements):
        return (self.filters[0](elements),)


def get_ip_iterable_from_str(ip):
    try:
        ret = netaddr.IPGlob(ip)
    except netaddr.core.AddrFormatError:
        try:
            ret = netaddr.IPNetwork(ip)
        except netaddr.core.AddrFormatError:
            begin,end = ip.split('-')
            ret = netaddr.IPRange(begin,end)
    return ret


class NAT:

    PROTOCOLS = (
            'tcp',
            'udp',
            'icmp'
    )

    def __init__(self,
                 name,
                 range_in,
                 range_out,
                 first_port,
                 last_port,
                 use_sudo=True
                ):
        """Creates a NAT object for the given range of IP-Addresses.

        Args:
            name: name of the sets
            range_in: an IPRange with the private IP address
            range_out: an IPRange with the public IP address
            first_port: the first port used for the nat
            last_port: the last port used for the nat
            use_sudo: Should the nft commands be run in sudo ?
        """

        assert 0 <= first_port < last_port < 65536, (name + ": Your first_port "
                                        "is lower than your last_port")
        self.name = name
        self.range_in = get_ip_iterable_from_str(range_in)
        self.range_out = get_ip_iterable_from_str(range_out)
        self.first_port = first_port
        self.last_port = last_port

        self.nb_private_by_public = self.range_in.size // self.range_out.size + 1

        sudo = ["/usr/bin/sudo"] * int(bool(use_sudo))
        self.nft = [*sudo, "/usr/sbin/nft"]

    def create_nat_rule(self, grp, ports):
        """Create a nat rules in the form :
            ip saddr @<self.name>_nat_port_<grp> ip protocol tcp snat ip saddr map @<self.name>_nat_address : <ports>
            ip saddr @<self.name>_nat_port_<grp> ip protocol udp snat ip saddr map @<self.name>_nat_address : <ports>

        Args:
            grp: The name of the group
            ports: The port range (str)
        """
        for protocol in self.PROTOCOLS:
            CommandExec.run([
                *self.nft,
                "add rule ip nat {name}_nat ip saddr @{name}_nat_port_{grp} ip protocol {protocol} snat ip saddr map @{name}_nat_address : {ports}".format(
                    protocol=protocol,
                    name=self.name,
                    grp=grp,
                    ports=ports
                )
            ])

    def manage(self):
        """Creates the port sets, ip map and rules
        """
        ips = {}
        ports = [
            set() for i in range(self.nb_private_by_public)
        ]
        port_range = lambda i : '-'.join([
            str(int(self.first_port + i/self.nb_private_by_public * (self.last_port - self.first_port))),
            str(int(self.first_port + (i+1)/self.nb_private_by_public * (self.last_port - self.first_port)-1))
        ])
        nat_log = ""
        for ip_out, ip in zip(
            self.range_out,
            range(self.range_in.first, self.range_in.last, self.nb_private_by_public)
        ):
            range_size = self.nb_private_by_public if int(ip + self.nb_private_by_public) <= self.range_in.last else (self.range_in.last - ip)
            ips[(netaddr.IPRange(ip, ip+range_size-1),)] = ip_out
            for i in range(range_size):
                ip_in = netaddr.IPAddress(ip+i)
                ports[i].add((ip_in,))
                nat_log += '\t'.join((str(ip_out), port_range(i), str(ip_in), '\n'))


        ip_map = NetfilterMap(
            target_content=ips,
            type_=('IPv4',),
            name=self.name+'_nat_address',
            table_name='nat',
            flags=('interval',),
            type_from=('IPv4',),
            address_family='ip',
        )
        ip_map.manage()


        for i, grp in enumerate(ports):
            grp_set = NetfilterSet(
                name=self.name+'_nat_port_'+str(i),
                target_content=grp,
                type_=('IPv4',),
                table_name='nat',
                address_family='ip',
            )
            grp_set.manage()
            self.create_nat_rule(
                str(i),
                port_range(i)
            )

        return nat_log


class Firewall:
    """Manages the firewall using nftables."""

    @staticmethod
    def manage_sets(sets, address_family=None, table=None, use_sudo=None):
        CONFIG = ConfigParser()
        CONFIG.read('config.ini')
        address_family = address_family or CONFIG['address_family'] or 'inet'
        table = table or CONFIG['table'] or 'filter'
        sudo = use_sudo or (use_sudo is None and CONFIG['use_sudo'])
        for set_ in sets:
            NetfilterSet(
                name=set_['name'],
                type_=set_['type'],
                target_content=set_['content'],
                use_sudo=sudo,
                address_family=address_family,
                table_name=table).manage()